The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of golden mussel flour (GMSF) contaminated with increasing rates of cadmium (Cd) as a replacement for limestone as a Ca source, in broiler chicken feed from 14 to 42 days of age. A total of 60 animals were assigned to four treatments (inclusion rates of Cd: 6.94, 14.55, 22.40, and 30.00 mg Cd kg-1) with five replications in a completely randomized design. At 42 d, blood samples were collected to evaluate serum concentrations of aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), total bilirubin, Ca, P, and Cd. After slaughter, tissues were collected to evaluate Cd concentration in bone parameters. Growth performance of broiler chickens and Cd content in the breast meat were not affected by the inclusion rates of Cd in the GMSF. However, there was an effect of Cd in GMSF on the concentration of Cd in the skin, liver, bones, feathers, and serum; ALT; and total bilirubin. Bone flexibility had a quadratic response to increasing inclusion rates of GMSF; serum Ca concentration increased linearly and there was no effect on serum P concentration. Concentrations of Cd in GMSF above 20 mg kg-1 caused high Cd contamination in broiler tissues. Therefore, it was concluded that Cd concentrations above 6.94 mg kg-i in broiler diets caused high Cd concentrations in meat and organs that are above those permitted for human consumption.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of clinoptilolite zeolite to enhance performance in broiler chickens. Nine hundred male broiler chickens were distributed in a completely randomized design to four treatments with nine repetitions. Treatments included clinoptilolite zeolite in the diet at 0, 2500, 5000 and 10000 grams/ton. Inclusion of zeolite caused a linear increase in ammonia released by the litter after 21 days, with greater effects at 42 days. The digestibility coefficient for dry matter increased, whereas the digestibility coefficients for crude protein, gross energy, and ash were not affected. Zeolite affected the digestibility of dry matter, gross energy and ash, with digestible gross energy and digestible ash showing a quadratic effect. The same effect was shown in the percentage of abdominal fat and the relative weight of the pancreas. Zeolite did not change the performance, serum levels and quality of the litter at 42 days old. It improved the percentage of digestible nutrients and increased pancreas weight.

RESUMO: Após anos de aplicação, muitas vezes de forma indiscriminada, de agrotóxicos, danos foram causados ao ambiente, bem como às culturas agronômicas cultivadas em locais contaminados. No tratamento de água são utilizadas técnicas que se baseiam em processos físicos e ou físico-químicos, onde ocorre a formação de agentes oxidantes secundários responsáveis pela mineralização dos contaminantes presentes nos herbicidas, havendo assim o processo de degradação. No entanto, ainda existem poucos trabalhos que demonstram a eficácia dessas técnicas em solos. Dessa forma, objetivou-se fazer uma revisão sobre os trabalhos já existentes, apresentando as principais técnicas utilizadas para a remediação de solos contaminados com agrotóxicos. A ênfase foi dada para a eletrocinética, processos oxidativos avançados, lavagem de solo, extração química ou por solventes e para as combinações desses métodos. Verificou-se, pelos resultados apresentados nos diversos estudos, que a combinação de técnicas permite alcançar grande eficiência, como é o caso de processos eletrocinéticos e de lavagem de solo, quando aplicadas para a degradação de contaminantes agrícolas. As combinações da eletrólise com outros métodos, como reagente de Fenton, irradiação de ultrassom e luz UV, também apresentam resultados satisfatórios na remoção de agrotóxicos no tratamento do solo. Contudo, a tecnologia de Fenton utilizada isoladamente apresenta-se como a mais promissora das técnicas avaliadas, uma vez que pode ser usada para a remediação de diversos contaminantes, em especial os agrotóxicos, não agredindo o ambiente e permitindo também a recuperação do solo.

ABSTRACT: After years of pesticide application, often indiscriminately, damage has been caused to the environment, as well as to agronomic crops grown in contaminated areas. In water treatment, techniques based on physical and/or physicochemical processes are used, being formed secondary oxidizing agents responsible for the mineralization of contaminants present in the herbicides, thus causing the degradation process. However, few studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of these techniques in soils. The aim of this study was to review the existing studies, presenting the main techniques used for remediation of soils contaminated with pesticides. Emphasis was placed on electrokinetics, advanced oxidative processes, soil washing, chemical or solvent extraction, and combinations of these methods. According to the results of several studies, the combination of techniques, such as electrokinetics and soil washing processes, allows achieving a high efficiency when it is applied for the degradation of agricultural contaminants. The combination of electrolysis with other methods, such as the Fenton’s reagent, ultrasound irradiation, and UV light, also present satisfactory results in removing pesticides in soil treatment. However, Fenton technology used alone is the most promising of the assessed techniques since it can be used for the remediation of several contaminants, especially pesticides, not harming the environment and allowing soil recovery.